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A native of Cherson (Kherson), Ukraine, Jacques Jacob Bronfenbrenner studied at the Imperial University of Odessa (1902-1906). While a student, he was a member of the Social Revolutionary Party and may have been a follower of Leon Trotsky. Marked for arrest by the tsarist regime, Bronfenbrenner fled the Russian Empire and found a haven as a student at the Institut Pasteur in Paris (1907-1909). While in Paris, he worked in the laboratories of Elie Metchnikoff (Ilya Ilich Mechnikov, 1845-1916), who won the Nobel Prize in 1908 for discovery of phagocytosis and with other Russian emigre scientists, notably Alexandre Besredka. Much of Bronfenbrenner's early laboratory research was based on Besredka's fundamental discoveries in antiviral therapies.

Bronfenbrenner's mentors at the Institut Pasteur made possible his collaboration with Hideyo Noguchi (1876-1928), a Japanese microbiologist working at the Rockefeller Institute in New York. Simon Flexner, director of laboratories at Rockefeller, sponsored Bronfenbrenner's moving to New York in 1909 and hired him as a research fellow. There he investigated techniques for serum diagnosis of infectious diseases. To further his formal academic training, Bronfenbrenner also enrolled at Columbia University. He received his Ph.D. in 1912 from Columbia under William J. Gies, but his primary teachers remained Besredka and Noguchi.

Bronfenbrenner became a U.S. citizen in 1913. That same year he married Martha Ornstein, a historian of science. The couple moved to Pittsburgh, where Bronfenbrenner became head of the research and diagnostic laboratories of the Western Pennsylvania Hospital. His research at this time focused on the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis using biological methods rather than on other chemical or surgical remedies. A son, Martin, was born in 1915. Martha Ornstein died in an automobile accident that same year, which may have prompted Bronfenbrenner to return to the east coast of the United States.

In 1917 Bronfenbrenner became an assistant professor of preventive medicine and hygiene at Harvard, a position which allowed him to work toward an advanced degree in public health. In research he concentrated on means of diagnosing bacterial infections (he was particularly interested in botulism) and elucidating other causes of food poisoning. He received a Doctor of Public Health degree from Harvard in 1919. About this same time he married a second time, to Alice Bronfenbrenner, a chemist. In 1923, Bronfenbrenner returned to Rockefeller, this time to assume the position of "associate member," which granted him his own laboratory. He began what became his major career focus, namely, research on bacteriophages. Work with these so-called "bacteria eaters" (a term chosen by the principal discoverer, the Canadian Felix d'Herelle) inspired popular conjecture in terms of potential therapies for infectious diseases-they may have been a source of the fictional discovery celebrated in Sinclair Lewis's Arrowsmith (1925). Bronfenbrenner directed his investigations toward explaining the physical properties of bacteriophages and how to control and interpret lysis.

In 1928 Bronfenbrenner accepted the chair of the Department of Bacteriology and Immunology at Washington University School of Medicine (as one of two Rockefeller associates to join the Medical School that year-the other being E. V. Cowdry). In St. Louis he continued his research on purification and quantification of bacteriophages. His laboratories were in what is now known as the West Building and he recruited several brilliant junior faculty members. In time the most famous was Alfred Hershey, who in 1969 would receive the Nobel Prize for identifying the DNA of bacteriophages.

Bronfenbrenner may have been drawn to St. Louis in hopes of establishing a full-fledged school of public health, but was clear when the Great Depression assaulted the resources of Washington University and all comparable institutions that this dream could not be realized. It was difficult enough to maintain the functions of the 1914-designed laboratories inherited from the Pathology Department. Bronfenbrenner did however play a major role in the response to a particular public health threat that is now linked by name to his adopted city: St. Louis encephalitis.

Thomas H. Burford received his M.D. degree from Yale University in 1936. After serving his internship at Barnes Hospital under Evarts A. Graham, Burford entered the U.S. Army Medical Corps. During World War II, he headed the 2nd Auxiliary Surgical Group in North Africa. After the war, he joined Washington University's Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, and succeeded Graham as division head in 1951. He was well known as an innovator in open-heart surgery. In the 1960s, Burford was widely quoted for his public statements on behalf of tobacco firms disputing findings that indicated connections between smoking and lung cancer.

Harvey Raymond Butcher, Jr. was an emeritus professor of surgery at Washington University School of Medicine when he died in 1989 after a lengthy illness. In 1944 he was an intern at Barnes Hospital in surgery after earning his M.D. at Harvard Medical School. From 1952-1987, He was a member of the department of Surgery at Washington University School of medicine. He was professor of surgery from 1964-1987. From 1978-1984, he served as the chief of general surgery and surgeon-in-chief at the medical school and Barnes Hospital until his retirement in 1987.

During his tenure, Butcher was a leading authority in vascular surgery and breast cancer. Butcher was also a past president of the Western Surgical Association, the Missouri chapter of the American College of Surgeons, the St. Louis Surgical Society, and a past vice president of the American Surgical Association.

Source: Dr. Harvey Butcher dies, Barnes Bulletin, Volume 43, No. 6, page 2, June 1989, RG009-S12-ss02-V43-N06-1989-06, https://wustl.app.box.com/file/273367263355

Lee D. Cady was a physician who served on the Washington University and Baylor University Schools of Medicine staff, and served overseas for the U.S. in both WWI and WWII. Cady graduated from University of Missouri (A.B. 1918) and Washington University School of Medicine (A.M. 1921; M.D. 1922), and was a faculty member at Washington University (Departments of Medicine and Clinical Medicine) from 1925 to 1942. He did his internship and residency at Washington University, 1922-1925. During WWII, he was the commander of the 21st General Hospital, the hospital unit for Washington University in Rouen, France. Under his leadership, the base hospital cared for over 65,000 patients in the European theater of the war. For his medical service and assistance in the liberation of France, Cady received the French Croix de Guerre in 1945. The next year, he was appointed the director of medical services for the Veterans Administration in Dallas, presiding over the regional branches in Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Cady served in that position for thirteen years and later was appointed as the director of the Veterans Hospital in Houston. He passed away in 1987 and was buried with full military honors in Arlington National Cemetery.

Benjamin H. Charles, M.D., was a Washington University School of Medicine alumnus who served as a major for the 21st General Hospital during World War II. Charles was the chief officer of the POW section of the 21st General Hospital.

Marshall Conrad received his MD from Washington University School of Medicine in 1945.
He earned an A.B. at Westminster College in 1942; M.D. By 1956, he was clinical assistant in orthopedic surgery at the Washington University School of Medicine. in 1967 He was clinical instructor. In 1972, when he was assistant Professor, he testified in hearings on Emergency Services Act he had been a practicing orthopedic surgeon involved with emergency services for more than twenty years.

Jerome Cook was a physician, 1884-1964. 1905 graduate of the Medical Department of Washington University. President of the medical staff, Jewish Hospital of St. Louis, 1936-1939 and 1946-1949.

Marjorie Hulsizer Copher served as the head dietitian at Barnes Hospital from 1921-1925. During World War I, she served as a dietitian with the Red Cross and was decorated by both the British and the French for her service. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetic's highest award is the Marjorie Hulsizer Copher Award. She married Dr. Glover Copher a surgeon at Barnes Hospital in 1925. Mrs. Copher died on May 19, 1935.

She distinguished herself by service in World War I, going overseas in May,1917, as a dietitian with the Peter Bent Brigham Base Hospital of Boston. Later she was transferred to the A.E.F. as a dietitian of Base Hospital No. 57 in Paris, France. Mrs. Copher was one of the first to introduce the comparatively new profession of dietetics into the British Army where she was called the "Home Sister" In contrast to the British Army nurse's title of 'Nursing Sister". She served the American Dietetic Association actively from the time she became a member in 1921.

--1. DR.BRADLEY TO PRESENT THE MARJORIE HULSIZER COPHER AWARD Hospital Record, Volume 7, no. 8 August 1953, page , 1RG009-S12-ss01-V07-N08-1953-08.pdf https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/bjc_barnes_record/79/

Justin J. Cordonnier (M.D., WUSM, 1928) was associated with the surgical staff of Barnes Hospital for over fifty years. He was professor and head of the Division of Urology, WUSM Department of Surgery, from 1953 until his retirement in 1970. In 1978, he received the Raymond Guiteras Award from the American Urological Association, the nation's highest award in the field.

Carl Ferdinand Cori was born in 1896 in Prague (then located in the Austro-Hungarian Empire), the son of a noted Austrian biologist. Cori began medical study in his native city, but this was interrupted by military service in World War I, during which he served as a medic on the Italian front. While a student again after the war, he became engaged to a classmate, Gerty Theresa Radnitz. The two were married in Vienna in 1920 shortly after receiving their medical degrees. Both chose research careers, but it proved very difficult to find suitable positions in war-impoverished Austria. In 1922, the Coris emigrated to the United States, where Carl took a position in Buffalo, at the State Institute for the Study of Malignant Disease (now Roswell Park Memorial Institute).

In 1931, Cori was appointed professor and chairman of the Department of Pharmacology at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. He would later switch departments and become professor and chair of the department of Biochemistry in 1946. Working with his wife Gerty, the Coris most notable contribution to science was their series of discoveries that elucidated the pathway of glycogen breakdown in animal cells and the enzymic basis of its regulation, now known as the Cori Cycle.

Adele Croninger was a geologist best known for her work in cancer research on the studies of smoking habits and lung cancer rates under the guidance of Ernst Wynder and Evarts Graham at Washington University School of Medicine. Croninger initially recieved a master's degree in geology from the university in 1948, but she opted to embark in cancer research at the medical school after graduation. She and Betty G. Proctor conducted the interviews for the study, which was released in 1950 to widespread publicity. Due to controversial evidence in the study, Wynder and Graham decided to develop a follow-up study using cigarette tar on laboratory mice. Croninger was again hired to assist in the second study and proved herself to be such an adept worker that she was named as a co-author when the study was published in five parts between 1953 and 1958, immediately becoming a historical turning point for its linkage of cigarette smoking to lung cancer.

Arpad I. Csapo was a Hungarian-American professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Washington University School of Medicine in the 1960s and 1970s. He is best known for his research on the progesterone hormone in the physiology of uterine function. Csapo developed a series of experiments testing a theory that the hormone serves to block the contraction of muscles in the pregnant uterus. His work also identified that after the initial weeks of pregnancy in the human, the blocking action of the hormone progesterone shifts from the ovaries to the placenta and further proved that the placental progesterone exerts its action on the uterus through a local mechanism, thus explaining why twins can be born several weeks apart.

He was born in 1918 in Szeged, Hungary. He studied medicine at the University of Szeged and received his M.D. in 1943. Next, Csapo completed his residency at the Semmelweis Medical University in Budapest. The Nobel Prize-winning biochemist Albert Szent-Gyorgyi was a great influence on Csapo's career, leading him to become interested in laboratory science. Szent-Gyorgyi employed him in his laboratory, where he succeeded in isolating actin and myosin, proteins responsible for contractible properties of muscle. Throughout the late 1940s, Csapo served as a Mannheimer Fellow at the University of Uppsala in Sweden and completed a fellowship with the Carnegie Institution in Baltimore while lecturing in obstetrics at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. In 1956, he became an associate professor at Rockefeller University, where he later became the director of the Laboratory of the Physiology of Reproduction. In 1963, Csapo became professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Washington University, where he remained until his death in 1981.

During his career, Csapo was a prolific writer and promoted international cooperation in uterine physiology research. He published over two hundred articles and contributed chapters to several textbooks. From the 1950s onward, Csapo participated in various projects with Brazilian and Finnish colleagues. He obtained a grant from the U.S. Department of State in 1973, which funded an Advanced Technology Fertility Training Center at Washington University that trained more than 300 physicians from 57 countries for five years. Although he became a U.S. citizen in 1953, Csapo preserved his roots in Hungary, frequently visiting his native country and inviting Hungarian researchers to St. Louis. After his death, Csapo was honored in 1983 with the Michaelis Medallion, a prestigious German prize in obstetrics.

Mrs. David P. Wohl and Chancellor Ethan A.H. Shepley laid the cornerstone for the David P. Wohl, Jr. Memorial Clinic, Washington University School of Medicine on November 2, 1960 (Creation). The Wohl Clinic dedication ceremony occurred in 1961 (Creation). In the 1978-1979 bulletin & 1995-1996 bulletin, the name of the clinic was still David P. Wohl, Jr., Memorial—Washington University Clinics. By 2000 the official name of the 10 story Wohl Clinics Building changed slightly with the addition of Outpatient to Washington University Outpatient Clinics. A shortened version is Wohl Clinic Building and Wohl Clinics.

In 2016, according to the Washington University School of Medicine bulletin, 2016-2017, the lower five floors of Wohl Clinic contained the Chromalloy American Kidney Dialysis Center, space for translational research and faculty & administrative offices. The upper five floors are devoted to research facilities for several departments of the School of Medicine. On March 30, 2020, Washington University Wohl Clinic is a group practice with 1 location at 4940 Childrens Pl.
Saint Louis, MO 63110. Currently, Washington University Wohl Clinic specializes in Cardiovascular Disease, Internal Medicine, Neurologist, Psychology and Psychiatry with 7 physicians.

The Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery at Washington University in St. Louis has a rich, 130-year history of leadership in our field that is built on the foundations of academic medicine: patient care, research, training and service. Our past leaders include luminaries in the field of otolaryngology, such as John Blasdel Shapleigh, MD; Greenfield Sluder, MD; Lee Wallace Dean, MD; Theodore Walsh, MD; Joseph Ogura, MD; John Fredrickson, MD; Richard A. Chole, MD, PhD; and, presently, Craig A. Buchman, MD, FACS. Even from our earliest days, prior to the inception of the McMillan Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital (circa 1943), excellence has been an integral part of the department's fabric. A look at former faculty and program graduates reveals many of the true innovators in our field. While we remain humbled by our beginnings and past achievements, we choose not to rest on our laurels. Rather, we aspire to further our commitment to improving patients' lives by leading our field and its clinical application.
-- 2019-2020 Bulletin Overview: http://bulletin.wustl.edu/medicine/departments/otolaryngology/#text

Joseph Erlanger (1874-1965) was born in San Francisco, studied at the University of California (B.S., 1895) and received his medical education at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore (M.D., 1899). He was an intern at the Johns Hopkins University Hospital under William Osler, 1899-1900. From 1900 to 1906, Erlanger was an assistant in physiology at Johns Hopkins under William H. Howell. He became professor of physiology at the University of Wisconsin Medical School in 1906. In 1910, he accepted an appointment as professor and head of physiology at Washington University in St. Louis. Erlanger retained this position until retirement in 1946, continuing in research at the university for several years afterward. In 1944, he and Herbert S. Gasser were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of nerve fibres."

Erlanger's chief contributions to physiology can be divided into two distinct phases. Until 1921, he concentrated on problems relating to the cardiovascular system, developing an improved sphygmomanometer, and making important discoveries about the relation of blood pressure and the conduction of electrical impulses in the heart. The second phase of his research career began in collaboration with Gasser, a former student. The two adapted a cathode-ray oscillograph for the purpose of amplifying and recording electrical conduction, or action potentials, of the nervous system. Using this instrument, they analyzed and compared action potentials of different portions of the nervous system, determining that the speed of conduction is proportional to the diameter of the nerve fiber. Erlanger's later research built upon this key electrophysiological discovery, with studies of excitation and polarization of nerve fibers, among other investigations. Throughout his tenure at Washington University, Erlanger played an important role in the governance of the medical school through its Executive Faculty council. He also made important contributions to the American Physiological Society and other scientific organizations.

The Executive Faculty is the chief governing body of the School of Medicine. The body was constituted in its present form at the time of the academic reorganization of the School in 1910. A definition published in the Bulletin of Washington University, Twenty-first Annual Catalogue of the Medical School, July, 1910, p. 7, reads as follows:

The Executive Faculty will be composed of the heads of departments designated by the Corporation of the University and will discharge and deal with all matters usually disposed of by executive faculties.

This formula, albeit vaguely phrased, holds to this day. The concept of an executive faculty was not new in 1910. Before the reorganization, the old Washington University Medical Department, formerly St. Louis Medical College, had been led by an Executive Committee. In addition, Missouri Medical College, which merged with the Medical Department in 1899, had been governed by an Executive Committee. But in 1910, following recommendations set forth in the Flexner Report, the existing administrative structure of the Medical Department was formally abolished, then reconstituted under new leadership. The autonomy granted to the new members of the Executive Faculty allowed them to bring about further changes toward the modernization of the medical school.

Ralph Feigin (1938-2008) was a pediatrician best known for his influential book, Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, first published in 1981. He graduated from Columbia University and Boston University School of Medicine, and completed his residency at Massachusetts General Hospital in 1965. Feigin spent the next two years conducting research for the U.S. Army and as the chief resident of the children’s service of Mass General before becoming a professor of pediatrics at Washington University in 1968. Feigin taught at Washington University until 1977, when he took a faculty appointment at Baylor College of Medicine as the chair of the department of pediatrics. At Baylor, Feigin transformed the school into an elite hospital for pediatric studies, served as the department chair from 1977 to 2008, and was the medical school’s president and CEO from 1996 to 2003. Also, Feigin was the Physician-in-Chief at Texas Children’s Hospital from 1977 to 2008. In addition to his famed publication, Feigin published Oski’s Pediatrics: Principles and Practice, and was the associate editor for the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics.

Dr. John Green (1835-1913) was a prominent ophthalmologist in St. Louis. Born in Worcester, MA, Green attended Harvard College and completed his Medical Degree in 1858. Upon completing his medical studies, however, he refused to accept his M.D. degree from Harvard because he did not believe the requirements for graduation were up to his standards. He was privately examined by the Massachusetts Medical Society and was admitted and given privilege to practice medicine. By 1862, Green decided to accept his degree from Harvard after learning that there had been a reform movement at the Medical School.

In 1857, Dr. Green participated in a scientific expedition to Suriname as a curator of comparative anatomy for the Boston Society of Natural History, an experience which contributed to his participation in societies like the St. Louis Academy of Science and the Archaeological Society, for which he was a founding member. He also was appointed as a Trustee for the Missouri Botanical Gardens later in life. During the Civil War, Green served as acting assistant surgeon in the Army of the Tennessee for the Union. He studied twice in Europe, between 1859-1860 and again in 1865. During his 1865 trip to London, Paris, and Utrecht he specialized his studies in ophthalmology, and upon his return to the United States he established a practice in St. Louis. Green became a Lecturer in Ophthalmology at the St. Louis Medical College in 1871 and a full professor in 1886. In 1888, Dr. Green purchased the first dozen microscopes used at the institution with his own funds. When the St. Louis Medical College affiliated with Washington University School of Medicine in 1899, Green's title became Special Professor of Ophthalmology. He earned Emeritus status in 1911.

John Green, Jr., the son of Harriet L. (Jones) Green and Dr. John Green, Sr., 1835-1913, was born in Templeton, Mass in August 2, 1873. He earned his A. B. from Harvard College in 1894 and his M.D. from the Medical Department of Washington University in 1898, receiving the Gill Prize in Pediatrics. He interned from June to December 1898 at St. Louis City Hospital and was active in its alumni association. In November 1899, he began practice of ophthalmology in the City of St, Louis, Mo. He died in 1949 at DePaul Hospital in St. Louis.