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The People's Hospital; opened as Provident Hospital in 1894; became People's Hospital in 1918; private hospital); found: African Missouri WWW Home page, May 8, 1996(People's Hospital; served African American population before integration

St. Louis City Hospital No.1 first opened its doors in 1846 as the primary public hospital for St. Louis residents. It was destroyed by a fire ten years later, prompting city officials to rebuild and reopen the hospital in 1857. In 1884, St. Louis City Hospital became the home of the area's first nursing education program, the St. Louis Training School for Nurses. It was again destroyed in 1896 by a tornado, which led to an extensive rebuilding effort that completed the current building in 1907 with additional structures on the 10-acre complex.

After City Hospital No.2 (later the Homer G. Phillips Hospital) was established on the north side of the city limits in 1919, the hospital primarily served St. Louis residents in the south side. It remained open until 1987, and was renovated into condominiums in 2006. The structure was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.

Walter C.G. Kirchner was a physician and member of the St. Louis-based family of doctors, the Kirchner family, who played a significant role in the founding of the St. Louis College of Pharmacy. Kirchner obtained his A.B. and M.D.from Washington University in St. Louis in 1897 and 1901 respectively. He spent his early medical career at City Hospital, where he rose through the ranks to become superintendent and surgeon in charge. During World War I, Kirchner was unable to serve active duty, but he became a major in the American Expeditionary Force in France, and was a member of the St. Louis Officers Medical Reserve Corps. In addition to his work at St. Louis area hospitals, Kirchner was an assistant bacteriologist for the city's health department and an instructor in bacteriology at Washington University School of Medicine.

Biography: Walter C. G. Kirchner, Centennial History of Missouri, Volume 6, page 156 URI: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hx2zc6&view=1up&seq=162&q1=kirchner

George J. Engelmann (1847-1903) was a St. Louis native who worked as an obstetrician and gynecologist. He was the son of the famed botanist, George Engelmann, who had settled in St. Louis after emigrating from Germany. Engelmann graduated from Washington University in St. Louis in 1867 and continued his studies abroad in Europe in Berlin, Tubingen, Vienna, and Paris. During his time overseas, he volunteered as a surgeon in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871).

Engelmann returned to the United States in 1873 and subsequently became a professor of gynecology at the St. Louis Post-Graduate School of Medicine, where he chaired the study of operative midwifery and female diseases. He was a founding member of the American Gynecological Society. His contributions to medicine include articles such as The use of electricity in gynecological practice (1886), History of obstetrics (1888), and Fundamental principles of gynecological electro-therapy; application and dosage (1891). In his free time, Engelmann devoted his interests to archaeology, having worked on sites throughout southern Missouri and exchanged specimens with museums in Europe and the United States.

Ernest Sachs, MD (1879-1958) was born in New York City to a family gifted in the arts, steeped in academia, and endowed with wealth. Together with Harvey Cushing, he is regarded as one of the founders of American neurosurgery. His father was a classical scholar and a founder of the Teachers College at Columbia University, his uncle was a neurologist noted for the description of Tay-Sachs disease, and his cousin was professor of fine arts at Harvard University. Sachs himself would learn the cello at the age of six.

Sachs attended the newly founded Johns Hopkins Medical School and graduated with high honors in 1904. Following his medical degree, he spent three years as a house officer at Mount Sinai in New York, before pursuing two additional years of study in Vienna, Berlin, and London. Recruited to Washington University after the reorganization of the School of Medicine, Sachs became the pioneering neurosurgeon west of the Mississippi. In 1919, Sachs was named Professor of Neurological Surgery, the first surgeon in the United States with such an appointment.

Known to be forceful, demanding, and a perfectionist, Sachs developed one of the most outstanding neurosurgical centers in the world at Washington University. Dedicated to the care of his patients, he could be gracious, thoughtful, and even gentle. He would also rightfully earn a fearsome, legendary status, among his many students as being intimidating, caustic, and belligerent. For thirty-five years he held his infamous twelve o'clock clinic for the junior medical students in the Barnes Hospital surgical amphitheater know as "The Pit."

In 1949, Sachs abruptly resigned his emeritus professorship at Washington University to accept a position in retirement at Yale University.

Robert A. Moore was the dean (1946-1954) and head of pathology (1939-1954) at Washington University School of Medicine. Under Moore's leadership, he was a factor in the change of the financing of medical research and education due to the federal government becoming a valuable source of grants for training, research, and improvement of medical facilities. Also, he was the first dean to invite African-American physicians to join the attending staff in 1949. Along with his administrative duties, Moore was a well-regarded figure in the field of pathology, having authored a popular textbook on the subject.

Williams McKim Marriott was a pediatrician who was considered as one of the greatest influences in the field of pediatrics during the first half of the 20th century. Marriott was born in Baltimore on March 5, 1885 and was educated at Marston's School for Boys, University of North Carolina, and Cornell Medical School. He first came to Washington University as an instructor in biological chemistry in 1910, but he soon resigned four years later to join the Department of Pediatrics at Johns Hopkins University.

In 1917, Washington University hired him again to become a professor of pediatrics and physician-in-chief for St. Louis Children's Hospital. Marriott later became the dean of the School of Medicine in 1923, which he served until his resignation in July 1936 to become the dean and professor of research medicine at University of California School of Medicine. He died on November 11, 1936 in San Francisco. Amongst his contributions to medicine are Recent Advances in Chemistry in Relation to Medical Practice (1928) and Infant Nutrition (1930).

Alexis F. Hartmann Sr. (1898-1964), a native St. Louisan, spent his entire career at Washington University, earning a bachelor's degree in 1919, master's and medical degrees in 1921 and later heading the School of Medicine's department of pediatrics from 1936-1964. Hartmann also was physician-in-chief of St. Louis Children's Hospital, where he oversaw the hospital's racial integration in 1950.

Hartmann's contributions in medicine include the development of a technique to measure sugar in patients' blood during medical school, which was a significant step towards the discovery of insulin by Canadian scientists. Due to this experience working with diabetic children, Hartmann developed a lifelong interest in the disease. In 1921, he co-wrote a paper with Philip Schaffer on the Schaffer-Hartmann Method for true blood glucose analysis. Hartmann also created a fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy for infants universally known as Lactated Ringer's solution, or Hartmann's Solution. His research led to the 1932 publication of two studies that showed differences in serum electrolyte patterns in dehydration and described the use of the solution to treat acidosis in children. According to a former colleague, Hartmann had great influence on Carl and Gerty Cori by recommending that they study glucose-6-phosphatase in glycogen storage disease. The Coris' groundbreaking work eventually earned them a Nobel Prize. Throughout his career, Hartmann was honored with awards such as the Gill Prize in Pediatrics in 1921 and the first Abraham Jacobi Award from the American Medical Association's Section on Pediatrics.

Gerald D. Fischbach is a neuroscientist who began his research career at the National Institutes of Health, and has taught at Harvard Medical School (1972-1981) and Washington University School of Medicine (1981-1990), and Columbia University (2001-2006). He has served as the director of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke from 1998 to 2001, and currently acts as the scientific director of the Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative. His research focuses on the formation and function of the neuromuscular junction, using cell culture to study synaptic mechanisms. Fischbach received his medical degree from Cornell University in 1965.

Fischbach is married to Ruth L. Fischbach, who currently serves as a Professor of Bioethics in Psychiatry at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center. They have four children.[4]

Harvey Raymond Butcher, Jr. was an emeritus professor of surgery at Washington University School of Medicine when he died in 1989 after a lengthy illness. In 1944 he was an intern at Barnes Hospital in surgery after earning his M.D. at Harvard Medical School. From 1952-1987, He was a member of the department of Surgery at Washington University School of medicine. He was professor of surgery from 1964-1987. From 1978-1984, he served as the chief of general surgery and surgeon-in-chief at the medical school and Barnes Hospital until his retirement in 1987.

During his tenure, Butcher was a leading authority in vascular surgery and breast cancer. Butcher was also a past president of the Western Surgical Association, the Missouri chapter of the American College of Surgeons, the St. Louis Surgical Society, and a past vice president of the American Surgical Association.

Source: Dr. Harvey Butcher dies, Barnes Bulletin, Volume 43, No. 6, page 2, June 1989, RG009-S12-ss02-V43-N06-1989-06, https://wustl.app.box.com/file/273367263355

Ernest St. John Simms (1917-1983) was the first African-American to hold a full-time academic appointment at Washington University School of Medicine. Ernest's father died suddenly in the mid-1930s, and though Ernest had only completed 2 years of an Engineering degree at the University of Minnesota, he returned home to St. Louis to help support his family. He first worked at Washington University as a laboratory technician in the Department of Surgery for four years, then left to work for Homer G. Phillips Hospital as a serologist, and for a small arms plant making bullets during World War II. While working for the arms plant, Ernest became the spokesman for black workers during a strike to protest the working conditions. The strike was successful and Ernest was promoted to foreman.

After the war, Simms returned to work for Washington University School of Medicine for good. In 1953, he was hired by Arthur Kornberg as a research assistant in the Microbiology Department. Over the next 6 years, Ernest Simms co-authored several papers relating to the biochemistry of DNA replication. Simms was an integral member of the research team that led to Arthur Kornberg and Severa Ochoa sharing the Nobel Prize "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid" in 1959. Kornberg ultimately moved to Stanford and invited Simms to join him, but Ernest chose to stay in St. Louis and work under Herman Eisen, who replaced Kornberg as head of the laboratory.

In 1971, Ernest Simms was finally promoted to Associate Professor, making him a tenured faculty member at Washington University School of Medicine. He continued to teach and conduct research, but also became dedicated to his work on the Admissions Committee and the advancement of minority students at WUSM. Simms died in 1983, at the age of 66.

Anita Whitney Mackie is a former assistant professor of preventive medicine at Washington University School of Medicine who spent the majority of her career working on health services and agricultural issues in Africa. Born in Belfast, Northern Ireland IN 1930, Mackie holds degrees from McGill University (B. Sc. 1952), Cornell University (M.S., 1954), and Michigan State University (PH.D. Communications, 1962). She originally began her professional career as an agricultural economist in Nigeria for Stanford University and served on Nigerian relief in 1967-1968, but the Biafran War forced her return to the United States. At that point in 1970, she became a member of the Washington University School of Medicine faculty. At Washington University, Mackie acted as a liason between the medical center and the division of Health Care Research. She was assistant professor of Health care services in preventative medicine (communication). In the early 1970s, she was called back to Africa and spent the next two decades working with USAID and the Foreign Service in Chad. In her retirement years, Mackie has lived in Zimbabwe, South Africa, and the U.S.

Sources: curriculum vitae, 1970; Washington University School of Medicine catalog, 1970/71-1973/74

William H. Olmsted (1887-1978) received his M.D. degree from Johns Hopkins University in 1913. He was an intern, 1913-1914 and resident and assistant resident, 1914-1917, at Barnes Hospital and afterwards served with Base Hospital 21, the medical unit sent by the hospital and WUSM to support American troops in World War 1. After the war, Olmsted re-joined the clinical faculty of the WUSM Department of Medicine, climbing the ladder from assistant in internal medicine to associate professor from 1915-1952.Olmsted became emeritus in 1952 .

In Barnes Hospital's first year of operation in 1914, Olmsted was the second medical resident to join the staff, along with acting as a clinical research pathologist, 1914. He was the first head of the hospital's chemical laboratory in 1920, and was the founding president of the Barnes Hospital Society in 1925. Olmsted became physician emeritus in 1952 .

From 1920 to 1963, Dr. Olmsted practiced as a private physician. He was certified in the practice of internal medicine in 1936, specializing in diabetes. In 1920, insulin was discovered to be effective in the treatment of diabetes, and Barnes Hospital was one of the first selected in the country to use the hormone to treat patients. Since Olmsted was the resident expert in diabetes, he became the first doctor to use insulin in St. Louis in the year 1922. Years later, in 1949, he founded the St. Louis Diabetes Association.