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Washington University School of Medicine

  • Corporate body
  • 1891-

In 1891, responding to a national concern for improving doctors' training, Washington University acquired the independent St. Louis Medical College and established a medical department. Missouri Medical College, also independent, joined the department in 1899, uniting the two oldest medical schools west of the Mississippi River.

A decade later, the young medical department was sharply criticized in a report on the state of medical education in the United States and Canada ' an assessment that found most medical institutions wholly inadequate. These findings provoked university board member Robert S. Brookings to transform the department into a modern medical school.

Working with the report's author, Abraham Flexner, Brookings set about installing the medical school with a full-time faculty, adequate endowment, modern laboratories and associated teaching hospitals. Among the first four department heads he recruited in 1910 was Joseph Erlanger, who went on to win the 1944 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

In 1919, Evarts Graham was appointed the first full-time head of surgery. Fourteen years later, he performed the first successful lung removal. In 1910, George Dock established a tradition of distinguished clinical research in the Department of Medicine.

Carl and Gerty Cori arrived at the School of Medicine in 1931 to join the Department of Pharmacology. In 1947, they won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for research on the catalytic conversion of glycogen. Six other Nobelists received training under their auspices.

Women first gained admission to the student body in 1918; today, women make up half of each incoming class in medical education. In 1962, James L. Sweatt III, MD, became the first African American graduate of the School of Medicine. It took another 10 years, however, for another black student, Julian Mosley, MD '72, to matriculate. Today the school is proactively devoting resources to improving diversity, equity and inclusion on campus and in the medical field.

The school moved to its current location in the Central West End neighborhood in 1914. When the neighorhood began to falter in the second half of the 20th century, many institutions began to leave. Washington University School of Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and St. Louis Children's Hospital formed a coalition in 1962 that went on to lead a successful neighborhood revitalization effort that continues today, through the Washington University Medical Center Redevelopment Corporation.

Source: https://medicine.wustl.edu/about/history/

Tsuchiya, Hiromu

  • Person
  • 1887-1971

Hiromu Tsuchiya was a Japanese-American assistant professor emeritus of microbiology at Washington University School of Medicine who specialized in parasitology. Born in Osaka, Japan, Tsuchiya left for the United States in 1905 to study at University of Missouri-Columbia. Over the next fifteen years, he obtained his undergraduate degree from Mizzou, and a Ph.D. in protozoology (now parasitology) from Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health. He met Jacques Bronfenbrenner, head of Bacteriology and Public Health at Washington University in St. Louis, who became his mentor. Bronfenbrenner offered him a research fellowship and, once Tsuchiya's abilities were proven, extended it for three additional years until 1934.

Tsuchiya researched various pathogenic microorganisms in the department laboratories, assisted the chief in preparation for lectures, and over time was assigned to address the students himself. He began offering his own course in 'medical zoology' in 1933 and quickly became a popular teacher. In 1934, he was promoted to the entry-level academic rank of instructor. Six years later, Tsuchiya was chosen to lead the clinical laboratories in his specialty at Barnes Hospital in 1940. In 1943, he reached the rank of assistant professor. Then, his research was directed mainly toward understanding and treating amebiasis. When Bronfenbrenner retired in 1952, Tsuchiya joined him in retirement before realizing it was too difficult. The next year, the department had changed its name to microbiology under its new chief, Arthur Kornberg, and welcomed him back to the staff.

Tsuchiya remained at Washington University until his second retirement in 1965 due to his declining health. He passed away in 1971 and named the microbiology department as his principal beneficiary.

Wette, Reimut

  • Person
  • 1927-1997

Reimut Wette was a German-American professor emeritus of biostatistics at the Washington University School of Medicine. Raised in Germany, Wette earned his master's degree in biology and his Ph.D. in biomathematics from the University of Heidelberg in the 1950s. He remained at the school as a member of its faculty until 1961 when University of Texas offered him the position of associate professor of biomathematics at the UT M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute in Houston. Wette then moved to the United States and taught at Texas until 1966.

At Washington University, he was a professor of biostatistics and applied mathematics. Wette founded and was named director of the new Division of Biostatistics in the Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health in 1966, where he remained until 1980. When he retired in 1990, the library of the Division of Biostatistics was named in his honor.

In Wette's career, he studied the problem-oriented development and application of mathematical-statistical methods for biomedical research, in addition to the mathematical biology of neoplastic growth and radiation response. Wette was a factor in increasing the statistical awareness in clinical research at the medical school. In the medical community, he was a member of numerous professional organizations, including the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Institute of Biological Sciences, and the American Statistical Association.

Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust

  • n89638097
  • Corporate body

When Mrs. Markey died on July 24, 1982, the Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust was incorporated as a Florida nonprofit organization with 501(c)(3) status. The initial meeting of the Board of Trustees occurred in October 1983, and the Trust's Miami office opened on January 1, 1984. The trust completed all activities on June 15, 1997) http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n89638097

Burch, Helen B.

  • Person
  • 1906-1987

Helen Bulbrook Burch was a professor emeritus of pharmacology at Washington University School of Medicine. She was born in Greenville, Texas in 1906. She received her undergraduate degree from Texas Women's University in 1926, and both her M.S. (1928) and Ph.D. (1935) in Chemistry from Iowa State University.

From 1929 to 1936, Burch served as assistant professor of Chemistry at Milwaukee-Downer College. She then moved to New York, where she spent seventeen years doing research and teaching at institutions such as Columbia University and the Public Health Research Institute. Next, Burch joined the faculty of the Washington University School of Medicine's Department of Pharmacology as a research associate in 1953. She was promoted to associate professor in 1957 and full professor in 1974. Burch retired as professor emeritus and lecturer in Pharmacology in 1975, though she remained active as a researcher until the day before her death in 1987.

During the course of her long career, Burch earned an international reputation for her unique studies of the metabolic differences among the various parts of the kidney and was the author of over 90 scientific papers in the field of nutrition and metabolism. In addition, Burch is well-known for her work with the Rice Enrichment Project in Bataan after WWII. In 1948, she conducted a nutritional survey on 202 persons, finding evidence of multiple dietary deficiencies in the levels of various nutrients in the blood or serum. In the survey results, Burch found a positive correlation between low blood thiamine and the diagnosis of beriberi, as well as wide-spread anemia due to chronic deficiencies of iron and B-vitamins. She returned to Bataan in 1950 under the auspices of the William-Waterman Fund and the Nutrition Foundation, Inc., resurveying the population to check on the nutritional improvement which the rice enrichment program and other efforts to elevate the state of nutrition of the population had effected. In the summers of 1952 and 1956, she served as a consultant for the World Health Organization at the Institute of Nutrition for Central America and Panama, traveling to Guatemala to further study malnutrition.

Herweg, Dorothy Glahn

  • Person
  • 1924-2019

Dottie Glahn, the second of four children of Pastor Paul and Edna Glahn, was raised in Evansville, IL. After attending Southern Illinois University, Dottie earned her RN at the Washington University School of Nursing in 1947. On graduating, she accepted a position at St. Louis Children’s Hospital, where she rose to become head nurse on the infants’ ward.

In 1959, she married John C. Herweg, M.D. and became the mother to Marjorie, Mary Jo, and James. John was married to pediatrician, Janet Scovill in 1946. Janet.Scovill's died in 1958 at the age of 39. John and Dottie had one daughter, Jan Marie. They also had a loving, supportive marriage that lasted 59 years.

https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1172&context=outlook

Curtman, Charles O.

  • 2014165141
  • Person
  • 1829-1896

Charles O. Curtman was born Karl Otto Curtman in Giessen, Germany and was a medical graduate of the university in his native city, where he was a student of Justus von Liebig. After working in Antwerp, Belgium as an industrial chemist, he emigrated to the United States and settled in New Orleans in 1850. When the Civil War began he was commissioned as a medical officer in a Confederate cavalry unit, but soon thereafter was assigned to direct the manufacture of medicines and explosives at army laboratories. After the war he practiced medicine in Memphis and from there was recruited to join the faculty of Missouri Medical College in St. Louis. He was Professor of Chemistry at the College from 1868 until 1874 and again from 1883 until his death.

Curtman also taught at the St. Louis College of Pharmacy (the two colleges maintained an informal affiliation) and was on the staff of the Mallinckrodt Chemical Works in the city. Too early to be considered a "biochemist," he was nonetheless a significant local pioneer in investigating and teaching laboratory science to medical and pharmacy students. He was the author of three laboratory manuals and numerous journal reviews of current scientific developments. At the very end of his life, he was among the first in St. Louis to investigate applications for the newly discovered principles of x-ray technology.

Goldman, Alfred, 1895-1973

  • Person
  • 1895-1973

Alfred Goldman, born in St. Louis on October 6, 1895, attended public schools in the city and won a scholarship to Washington University where he received three degrees: an A.B. in 1916, an M.S. in physiology in 1922, and an M.D. in 1920. An excellent scholar, he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and Alpha Omega Alpha. Medicine fascinated him as an intellectual pursuit and as a means to help others. He also was a sports enthusiast and enjoyed vigorous athletic activity, playing varsity basketball in college and remaining physically active throughout his life. Bowling, golf and fishing were his favorite diversions.

His medical career was spent entirely in St. Louis as a physician in private practice and at the Washington University School of Medicine as Professor of Clinical Medicine, and Director of Medical Chest Service. Goldman is remembered as an extraordinarily skillful physician and colleague. Students appreciated his effectiveness in imparting clinical skills during their rotations with him. He retained close attachments to many associates from the early years of his career until the end of his life.

The spirit of critical inquiry characterizing his professional career came in part from a rigorous training in physiology. His research always reflected a depth of interest in the patient and his drive for scholarship of the highest quality. His earliest scientific discovery dispelled myths about the effect of chilling on the development of upper respiratory disease. As a medical student, Goldman participated in experiments on chilling with his classmates, Stuart Mudd and Samuel Grant. Their findings proved that exposure to cold produced vaso-constriction in the mucous membranes of the nose and throat, a significant fact in treating diseases of the respiratory tract and one quoted widely in the literature.

The work on chilling had a larger impact because it led to the earliest definitive studies of acid-base changes during hyperventilation. During chilling, the investigators exposed themselves unclothed to temperatures of 4 degrees celsius, and in this situation, hyperventilation occurred regularly. Goldman observed that the reaction of his urine always was alkaline following chilling. Although some effects of hyperventilation were known previously, the physiology of tetany due to hyperventilation was completely unknown. Tetany, the hyperexitability of nerves and muscles, is now known to be due to a decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium. Goldman and Grant used a metronome to pace breathing frequency to induce marked alkalosis, and on several occasions, Goldman hyperventilated to the point of generalized tetany. The two worked out physiological alterations accompanying the marked loss of carbon dioxide and realized that a decrease in ionized calcium likely produced the tetany although technical difficulties precluded measurement of ionized calcium.

With his deep understanding of hyperventilation, it is not surprising that Goldman was the first to recognize hysterical hyperventilation and tetany in patients. His clinical description was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 1922. Goldman applied the appropriate therapy to some of the earliest patients recognized. This therapy, simple rebreathing into a closed container such as a paper bag, continues to be the preferred therapy for hysterical hyperventilation.

Goldman also investigated pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas. He was the first to recognize the relationship of this disorder to the Rendu-Osler-Weber type of familial arteriovenous fistulas.

The effects of environmental inhalant upon the lung attracted Goldman's attention and he wrote an important paper on sulfric-acid fume poisoning. In addition, he was one of the earliest workers to recognize pneumonconiosis in the tungsten carbide industry, and suggested that the principal offending agent in this type of pulmonary fibrosis was cobalt, a suggestion since confirmed by other workers. He served as consultant physician to Koch Hospital in St. Louis at the time of earliest drug therapy in tuberculosis and was responsible for inclusion of many St. Louis patients in the drug trials. He was given Viomycin by the Pfizer Company in 1949 and realized its effectiveness. Recognizing one of the earliest examples of sedormid purpura, he reported the incident to the pharmaceutical firm and was advised that it probably was coincidence and not worth publishing. Within a year, however, there were at least a dozen reports in the literature documenting similar toxicity to the drug, and he regretted not publishing his early report.

Goldman took an active role in the American College of Chest Physicians, serving as president during 1964-65; presenting papers and participating in symposia in many states and abroad, including Austria, Switzerland, Ireland, Thailand, Hong Kong, Japan, Hawaii, Mexico, and Central America. He died on November 25, 1973.

*From a memorial article by John A. Pierce, M.D, March, 1974 (modified for the finding aid, 2005).

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