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Washington University Medical Center Desegregation History Project notes

This series contains project notes and drafts written by Edwin McCleskey and the original interview recordings on audio cassette tapes. The contents include research notes and project planning documents; drafts of a proposal for minority scholarships; notes from a pre-interview with M. Kenton King, the former Dean of Washington University School of Medicine; and a summary of an un-taped interview with James L. Sweatt, III, the first Black graduate of Washington University School of Medicine.

William M. Landau Oral History

An interview of the Washington University Medical Center Desegregation History Project, conducted by Edwin W. McCleskey and associates, 1990. Approximate Length: 67 minutes.

As background to the desegregation of hospitals and Washington University School of Medicine, Landau discusses his experiences with segregation in St. Louis as a child, and as medical student, house officer, and resident at Barnes Hospital and the school of medicine. He mentions figures who played a role in desegregation, including David Goldring, Alexis Hartmann, Sr., and Park White, and discusses the obstruction to integration at Barnes from Frank Bradley, the director of the hospital, and the board of trustees. Landau also discusses the desegregation of the school of medicine.

Landau, William M.

Julian C. Mosley, Jr. Oral History

An interview of the Washington University Medical Center Desegregation History Project, conducted by Edwin W. McCleskey and associates, 1990. Approximate Length: 57 minutes.

Julian Mosley, the second Black student to graduate from Washington University School of Medicine, discusses his experiences as a student in the 1960s and recruitment strategies and programs for students from minority groups.

He begins by explaining why he decided to come to Washington University. He discusses the other Black students in his class and his efforts to recruit more Black students to the medical school. Mosley also discusses the work of Robert Lee as Assistant Dean for Minority Student Affairs and his success at recruiting students. He addresses specific efforts on the part of Lee, other students, and the university that supported minority students, including tutoring and individualized programs.

Mosley next discusses the Wessler Committee and later, their recommendations. He addresses the lack of Black professors at Washington University and at the medical school, and the lack of Black students in the residency programs. He also discusses the effects of the Supreme Court case Regents of the University of California v. Bakke on minority student recruitment.

He discusses his experience with integration in high school in East St. Louis, in the Air Force Academy, and at Washington University, and his experiences with professional societies and student medical associations and programs.

Lastly, Mosley explains what he believes needs to be done to recruit more Black graduate students and faculty, and gives his thoughts for the future.

Mosley, Julian C., Jr.

Howard Phillip Venable Oral History

An interview of the Washington University Medical Center Desegregation History Project, conducted by Edwin W. McCleskey and associates, 1990. Approximate Length: 1 hour and 16 minutes.

Please note that some of Venable’s statements contain ambiguities that the interviewers were unable to verify.

Howard Phillip Venable discusses his experience at Homer G. Phillips Hospital, the desegregation of hospitals in St. Louis, his work with students, and his experience with housing discrimination.

Venable describes how he came to work at Homer G. Phillips Hospital and the segregation of medical care and medical education in St. Louis in the 1930s and 1940s. He explains the connections between Homer Phillips, Washington University, and St. Louis University, and discusses the doctors from Washington University and Barnes Hospital who came to Homer Phillips. Venable also relates his work identifying ophthalmological differences between Black and white patients.

He addresses his role in desegregating an ophthalmology society in St. Louis, the housing discrimination he faced in Creve Coeur and his case against the city, and the part he played in the desegregation of St. Louis hospitals. He relates his experience as a Black doctor before Barnes integrated, and the white patients he saw at his private practice. He also discusses the closure of Homer Phillips and the differences between Homer Phillips and Max Sarkloff Hospital (City Hospital No. 1).

Venable discusses the establishment of the Katie and Howard Phillip Venable Student Research Fund in Ophthalmology and his experience as an associate examiner for the American Board of Ophthalmology. He also explains what he thinks should be done to get more Black students into medical school.

Venable, Howard Phillip

Paul N. Saunders Oral History

An interview of the Washington University Medical Center Desegregation History Project, conducted by Edwin W. McCleskey and associates, 1990. Approximate Length: 64 minutes.

Paul Saunders discusses the suit he and others filed against Barnes Hospital in 1978 for civil rights violations, as well as the state of health care policy and health care for Black people in St. Louis.

Saunders discusses the policy for “geographic separation of patients” at Barnes Hospital’s Maternity Hospital, initiated by hospital director Robert Frank in 1978, and the suit Saunders and others filed with the Missouri Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

He addresses hospital policies and procedures which create informal segregation, and the effects of white flight on medical care in St. Louis, particularly for indigent patients. He discusses the need for national health insurance, and barriers created by the current health care system for Black patients.

Saunders, Paul N.

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